Conductors have what or fewer valence electrons?

Conductors typically have three or fewer valence electrons in their outer shell, allowing them to easily lose these electrons and facilitate electric current flow. Elements classified as conductors, such as copper and aluminum, have three valence electrons that enable them to bond in such a way that facilitates the movement of charge.

When there are fewer valence electrons, the tendency for atoms to gain energy and allow electrons to move is increased, making these materials effective in conducting electricity. For example, conductors with one valence electron allow for a very high level of conductivity, while those with two can still be good conductors but may not perform as efficiently as those with one.

Choosing three valence electrons as the maximum reflects the point where materials transition from conductors to semiconductors or insulators, which have four or more valence electrons and are less effective in conducting electricity.